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Botryosphaeria dothidea
''Botryosphaeria dothidea'' (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not. is a plant pathogen that causes the formation of cankers on a wide variety of tree and shrub species. It has been reported on several hundred plant hosts and on all continents except Antarctica.〔Crous, P.W., B. Slippers, M.J. Wingfield, J. Rheeder, W.F.O. Marasas, A.J.L. Philips, A. Alves, T. Burgess, P. Barber, and J.Z. Groenwald. 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55:235-253.〕〔Farr, D.F., and A.Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed 21 November 21, 2013. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/〕 ''B. dothidea'' was redefined in 2004, and some reports of its host range from prior to that time likely include species that have since been placed in another genus.〔Phillips, A.J.L., A. Alves, J. Abdollahzadeh, B. Slippers, M.J. Wingfield, J.Z. Groenewald, and P.W. Crous. 2013. The Botryosphaeriaceae: Genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology 76:51-167.〕 Even so, ''B. dothidea'' has since been identified on a number of woody plants—including grape, mango, olive, eucalyptus, maple, and oak, among others—and is still expected to have a broad geographical distribution.〔 While it is best known as a pathogen, the species has also been identified as an endophyte, existing in association with plant tissues on which disease symptoms were not observed.〔Pérez, C.A., M.J. Wingfield, B. Slippers, N.A. Altier, and R.A. Blanchette. 2010. Endophytic and canker-associated ''Botryosphaeriaceae'' occurring on non-native ''Eucalyptus'' and native ''Myrtaceae'' trees in Uruguay. Fungal Diversity 41:53-69.〕 It can colonize some fruits, in addition to woody tissues.〔Lazzizera, C., S. Frisullo, A. Alves, and A.J.L. Phillips. 2008. Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of ''Botryosphaeria'' and ''Neofusicoccum'' species associated with drupe rot of olives in southern Italy. Plant Pathology 57:948-956.〕〔Marques, M.W., N.B. Lima, M.A. de Morais Jr., S.J. Michereff, A.J.L. Phillips, M.P.S. Câmara. 2013. ''Botryosphaeria'', ''Neofusicoccum'', ''Neoscytalidium'' and ''Pseudofusicoccum'' species associated with mango in Brazil. Fungal Diversity 61:195–208.〕〔Sutton, T.B. 1990. White rot. Pages 16-18 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. A.L. Jones and H.S. Aldwinckle, eds. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.〕
== Life as a Plant Pathogen – “Bot Rot” of Apple ==
White rot, or “Bot rot,” of apple is one of the many plant diseases that have been attributed to ''B. dothidea''.〔Travis, W., J.L Rytter, and A.R. Biggs. (n.d.) White rot. Accessed 22 November 2013. http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omwhiter.html〕 Recent analysis has confirmed the presence of ''B. dothidea'', along with other ''Botryosphaeria'' species, on ''Malus sp.''.〔Slippers, B., W. A. Smit, P. W. Crous, T. A. Coutinho, B. D. Wingfield, and M.J. Wingfield. 2007. Taxonomy, phylogeny and identification of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with pome and stone fruit trees in South Africa and other regions of the world. Plant Pathology 56:128 –139.〕 Cankers and other dead wood and bark tissue, as well as mummified fruit (fruit infected by the pathogen and remaining in the orchard) serve as sources of primary and secondary inoculum〔
Both pycnidia and pseudothecia are observed on plant tissues, producing conidia and ascospores.〔〔 Conidia are produced in greater numbers.〔 Using spore traps for airborne spores and funnel traps for rainwater, Sutton (1981) determined that, while both conidia and ascospores of ''B. dothidea'' are released from infected pruning waste (dead wood) during rainfall events and conidia are predominantly water-dispersed, ascospores spread in both air and water.〔Sutton, T.B. 1981. Production and dispersal of ascospores and conidia by ''Physalospora obtusa'' and ''Botryosphaeria dothidea'' in apple orchards. Phytopathology 71:584-589.〕 Conidia and ascospores germinate most readily at 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F).〔 (''B. dothidea'' has been reported to grow best, in culture, at 25 to 30 °C (to 86 °F ).〔Slippers, B., P.W. Crous, S. Denman, T.A. Coutinho, B.D. Wingfield, and M.J. Wingfield. 2004. Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as ''Botryosphaeria dothidea''. Mycologia 96:83-101.〕) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection〔
The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by ''Diplodia seriata'' (formerly ''B. obtusa'').〔〔 Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing (“chlorosis”) of leaves on affected branches in the spring.〔 While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest.〔 The name “white rot” comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples〔
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